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Rights Of Nature

This page identifies initiatives that frame ecological jurisprudence in terms of rights of nature. Initiatives are included in this category when they explicitly recognize any non-human element of Nature (e.g., ecosystems, plant species, animal species) or Nature in general as a subject with rights.

Lucerne (Switzerland) Parliamentary Inquiry: right to a healthy environment and legal personality of nature

Lucerne Canton, Switzerland
Approved in 2024
Position Statement
All Nature
In June 2023 Rahel Estermann submitted an inquiry on the right to a healthy environment and legal personality of nature that sparked a debate in Lucerne.Read More →

Ecuador National Law: rights of non-human animals

Ecuador
Drafted in 2022
Legislation
Animal
In 2022, a draft national law in Ecuador on the rights of non-human animals was formally presented to the National Assembly by Ecuador’s Defensoría del Pueblo.Read More →

Mar Menor FOI Request (Germany): Federal Ministry for the Environment BMUKN

Germany
Failed in 2026
Position Statement
Marine Ecosystem
Mar Menor requested information on rights of nature from the Federal Ministry for the Environment but was ignored as the applicant.Read More →

Santa Ana (Ecuador) Court Case: Rights of the Portoviejo River

Manabí Province, Ecuador
Approved in 2026
Court Case
Freshwater Ecosystem
In January 2026, a Santa Ana judge declared the Portoviejo River a rights‑bearing entity and ordered contamination remediation and ongoing protections.Read More →

Ecuador Constitutional Court Case: property rights, environmental rights, and rights of nature

Ecuador
Approved in 2025
Court Case
All Nature
On 11 December 2025, the Constitutional Court of Ecuador allowed forced land access to remediate oil spill, prioritizing Nature’s rights over property rights.Read More →

Martinique Citizen Declaration: rights of the salt marshes

Salines of Sainte-Anne, Martinique (France)
Drafted in 2023
Civil Society Declaration
Marine Ecosystem
In 2023, a coalition of Martinican associations launched the Declaration of the Rights of the Salines to support the recognition of it's ecosystem rights.Read More →

Mexico City Environmental Law 2024: Legislative Provisions for the Constitutional Rights of Nature

Mexico City, Mexico
Approved in 2024
Legislation
All Nature, Urban
In July 2024, Mexico City enacted a new Environmental Law that recognizes the rights of nature and centers ecological balance and public health in urban policy.Read More →

Declaration of the Rights of the Mediterranean Bioregion

Mediterranean Region
Drafted in 2022
Civil Society Declaration
Marine Ecosystem
To address the ecological crisis in the Mediterranean, an international initiative has been launched calling for the recognition of the Mediterranean Bioregion.Read More →
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