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Indigenous Model

This page identifies initiatives that are Indigenous-led and/or co-developed and applies Indigenous ways of knowing and positioning such as relationality and responsibilities to an entity of nature, recognizing it as living and possessing spirit. An initiative is considered Indigenous-led and/or co-developed when one or more of the groups involved in the initiative self-identifies as Indigenous.

Loyalty Islands Province Environmental Code 2019: unitary principle of life

New Caledonia (France)
Approved in 2016
Legislation
All Nature
The Loyalty Islands provincial government enacted the new Environmental Code recognizing rights and legal personality of certain elements of NatureRead More →

Bolivia Law No. 300: Mother Earth and Integral Development to Live Well

Bolivia
Approved in 2012
Legislation
All Nature
The Bolivian government passed the Mother Earth Law and Integral Development to Live Well based on the indigenous model of “living well” in 2012.Read More →

Mora County (USA) Ordinance: community water rights and rights of nature

New Mexico, USA
Failed in 2015
Legislation
All Nature
The court invalidated a 2013 Mora County, New Mexico ordinance recognizing rights of nature and banning oil and gas production within the count.Read More →

Ecuador court case: rights of the Tangabana páramo

Chimborazo Province, Ecuador
Failed in 2015
Court Case
Grassland, Mountain
Judges denied a 2014 lawsuit in Ecuador claiming the actions of the private company ERVIC S.A. violated rights of nature and rights of defenders of nature.Read More →

New Zealand Law: Waikato-Tainui Raupatu Claims (Waikato River) Settlement Act 2010

Aotearoa (New Zealand)
Approved in 2010
Legislation
Freshwater Ecosystem
New Zealand enacted the Waikato-Tainui Raupatu Claims Settlement Act to work with the Iwi to redress the human-caused degradation of the Waikato River in 2010.Read More →

Bolivia Law: Rights of Mother Earth 2010

Bolivia
Approved in 2010
Legislation
All Nature
The Law of the Rights of Mother Earth in Bolivia dictates the specific rights inherent to Mother Earth and recognizes Mother Earth as a living being in 2010.Read More →

Ecuador Constitution of 2008: rights of nature

Ecuador
Approved in 2008
Constitution
All Nature
In 2008, Ecuador adopted a new constitution recognizing rights of nature, or Pachamama, with goals of harmony with nature and the concept of good living.Read More →
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