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Policy

This page identifies initiatives that express ecological jurisprudence through a policy (which is typically non-binding) as well as government guidance documents that provide direction to government regulators, entities being regulated, civil society, and the public as to how, when, and where to implement legislation and other legal mandates. Please note that in contrast to the local law category, where regulations are administrative rulemakings with the force of law, in this category the term regulations refers to protocols and guidelines without the force of law, and is used as a synonym for policies and guidelines.

Curridabat (Costa Rica) urban policy: extending citizenship to pollinators

Curridabat, Costa Rica
Approved in 2016
Policy
Animal, Plant, Urban
In 2016, municipal policy in Curridabat, Costa Rica reimagined urban planning around pollinators and native plants; seeing them as citizens in their own right.Read More →

Slovenia National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan (NBSAP)

Slovenia
Approved in 2020
Policy
All Nature
In 2020, Slovenia published its National Environmental Action Programme 2020-2030 which presents a framework for eco-centric protection of the environment.Read More →

Australia National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan (NBSAP)

Australia
Approved in 2019
Policy
All Nature
Australia’s National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan was endorsed in November 2019 by the Meeting of Environment Ministers.Read More →

Tyrol (Austria) Environmental Ombudsman Office: Voice for Nature

Tyrol, Austria
Approved in 2005
Policy
All Nature
In 2005, the Austrian state of Tyrol enacted legislation creating an Environmental Ombudsman Office to represent nature in administrative and legal proceedings.Read More →

Ecuador Management Plan for Protected Areas of Galapagos Good Living

Galapagos Marine Reserve, Ecuador
Approved in 2014
Policy
Marine Ecosystem
In 2014, the Management Plan for Protected Areas of Galapagos Good Living included the respect for Rights of Nature as a guiding principle for management.Read More →

Amsterdam (Netherlands) Municipal Motion: rights for nature

Amsterdam, Netherlands
Approved in 2025
Policy
All Nature, Urban
In July 2025, the Amsterdam city council approved an initiative proposal on Rights of Nature within the city.Read More →

Panama Ministerial Decree: Saboga Wildlife Refuge

Pearl Islands Archipelago, Panama
Approved in 2024
Policy
Marine Ecosystem
On September 22, 2024, Panama's Ministry of Environment passed a resolution creating The Saboga Wildlife Refuge, including habitats for endangered sea turtles.Read More →

Utrecht (Netherlands) Motion: rights for nature

Utrecht, Netherlands
Failed in 2024
Policy
All Nature, Urban
In June 2024, a council motion was submitted in Utrecht, Netherlands to recognize nature as a legal entity in the city.Read More →
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