Curridabat (Costa Rica) urban policy: extending citizenship to pollinators
In 2016, municipal policy in Curridabat, Costa Rica reimagined urban planning around pollinators and native plants; seeing them as citizens in their own right.Read More →
Urban
Madrid (Spain): Declaration of the Rights of the Manzanares River
On November 15, 2025, a coalition of civil society groups and individuals issued the “Declaration of the Rights of the Manzanares River."Read More →
Nijmegen (Netherlands): guardian of nature on Veur-Lent Island
On 11 March, 2026, the Nijmegen City Council adopted a motion that stated it believes the citizens’ initiative but called for it to be further developed.Read More →
Mexico City (CDMX) Environmental Law of 2024: provisions on the constitutional rights of nature
In July 2024, Mexico City enacted a new Environmental Law that recognizes the rights of nature and centers ecological balance and public health in urban policy.Read More →
France National Law: legal personality and rights of the Seine River
On 20 February 2026, a bill on the legal personality and rights of the Seine River was tabled in the Senate of France's national parliament.Read More →
Paris Declaration: rights of the Seine River
On June 4 2025, the Paris City Council adopted a resolution calling on Parliament to pass a law giving the Seine River legal personhood.Read More →
Berlin (Germany) Law: rights of the Spree River
In October 2025, a group of citizens launched a draft law to recognize the rights of the Spree River in Berlin as a legal entity.Read More →
Italy Citizen Declaration: rights of the Venice Lagoon
On November 20 2025, a Declaration of the Rights of the Venice Lagoon was launched, recognizing the lagoon as a legal entity within a complex urban environment.Read More →